2024 Vapor barrier basement crawl space

A crawl space vapor barrier is a protective layer of plastic sheeting placed on the ground surface of your crawl space. Its purpose is to prevent moisture from evaporating …. Onsego

In many homes, the wireless Internet router is placed on the main level, which results in a strong signal throughout the first and second floors. Because basements often have thick...Nov 30, 2022 · Class 1 crawl space vapor barriers are typically made from polyethylene plastic. They are designed to cover the exposed earth of the crawl space in order to slow or prevent ground from evaporating. When installed correctly, they can also help control flooding. Using vapor barrier, Hydraway drainage system and sump pumps is referred to as ... Apr 4, 2022 · Dig the Trench. Dig a trench around the entire interior foundation, using the foundation as a guide. A typical trench will be 18 inches deep and 9-12 inches wide, with a slope of one inch every 10 feet. The trench is typically between 8 …An encapsulated crawl space will add additional bright, clean usable storage space to your home. Added insulation can help reduce your heating and cooling costs. The wall and floor liners act as a barrier to insects, gases, odors and moisture, enhancing air quality throughout your entire living space and creating a healthier home.Nov 19, 2020 · A vapor barrier, working in tandem with insulation, slows or prevents ground moisture from evaporating and mixing with crawl space air. Proper crawl space insulation is critical for not just controlling the moisture levels in your home, but also maintaining its energy efficiency.Dec 23, 2023 · Code 10 - Crawl Space Access Requirements. All crawlspaces need at least 1 access opening in order to get into the crawlspace for maintenance and inspections. If the access is through the floor, then it needs to be at least 18x24 inches. If the opening is in the foundation wall, then the minimum crawl space access size will be 16x24 inches.Aug 29, 2019 ... Protect Your Home & Family From Moisture. Installing a vapor barrier can make your home safer. Keeping your crawl space and basement dry, ...When it comes to protecting your home from moisture, Stego Wrap 15 Mil Vapor Barrier is one of the best products on the market. This vapor barrier is designed to keep moisture out ...Nov 30, 2015 ... A crawl space vapor barrier provides a clean surface for your crawl space ... crawl space vapor barrier can help you with a moist crawl space. Yard drainage and downspout problems can allow water to enter and flood your crawl space and basement. Crawl Space Ninja's approach to crawl space waterproofing is unique. We install a new vapor barrier as part of our waterproofing system. Encapsulating your crawl space without addressing future flooding or hydrostatic pressure is a mistake. Apr 4, 2022 · Dig the Trench. Dig a trench around the entire interior foundation, using the foundation as a guide. A typical trench will be 18 inches deep and 9-12 inches wide, with a slope of one inch every 10 feet. The trench is typically between 8 …Halco Basement Systems can provide a complete crawl space moisture barrier system with a 25-year warranty, installed in The Greater Finger Lakes Area ...Jan 5, 2024 · Basement Authority of West Virginia implements a multi-step crawl space encapsulation process using our exclusive AquaStop™ CrawlSeal™ vapor barrier. This robust, multi-layered liner utilizes antimicrobial, puncture-resistant material to fully protect your home’s foundation and structure from moisture infiltration over the long term. The iBasement Systems and Crawl Space Systems Certificates were created using specific sets of criteria to provide a healthy indoor living environment. Air pollutants and excessive moisture levels in the basement or crawl space can negatively impact the odors in the home as well as cause health problems with those who live there year-round - including yourself!A finished basement is space that meets certain standards of completion. A finished basement has underlayment and flooring installed. Interior walls have been framed, insulated, dr...Oct 23, 2022 · Stego Wrap Vapor Barrier – it comes in various thicknesses: 10 mils (0.25 mm), 15 mils (0.38 mm), and 20 mils (0.5 mm). The barrier has Class I and II (A and C) variants. The permeance is as low as 0.0086 …Jan 11, 2022 · Highlights. Vapor barriers are plastic or foil sheets used to damp-proof a space. Poor placement, improper installation, or incorrect permeability can cause water on a vapor barrier. Use a wet/dry vacuum or water pump to remove standing water. Use a dehumidifier to remove excess moisture. A finished basement is space that meets certain standards of completion. A finished basement has underlayment and flooring installed. Interior walls have been framed, insulated, dr...5 days ago · Raleigh Crawl Space Encapsulation and Basement Waterproofing services. Get your damp crawl space fixed. Schedule a free, in-home estimate ... Vapor Barriers alone do not stop moisture from getting into your crawl space. HOW DO VAPOR BARRIERS WORK? BASEMENT WATERPROOFING Musty odors, mold, damage to …Mar 7, 2021 · Q: What are the best practices for a vented crawlspace? I bought a townhome last Nov. that has a vented crawlspace with a sump pump. There is a vapor barrier on the ground. There is a truss floor system that has faced batts that hang below the subfloor (the facing does not touch the subfloor), the rim joist was sealed with spray foam at the top …Fasteners used below grade to attach plywood to the exterior side of exterior basement or crawl-space wall studs, or fasteners used in knee wall construction, shall be of Type 304 or 316 stainless steel. Fasteners used above grade to attach plywood and all lumber-to-lumber fasteners except those used in knee wall construction shall be of Type 304 or 316 …Dec 28, 2023 · Vapor barriers are effective against moisture accumulation, mold, wood decay, and pest infestations. Tar Heel Basement Systems employs a comprehensive strategy with CrawlSeal™ technology. This sturdy, layered liner excels in preserving your home’s structure against moisture’s harmful impacts. The barrier fortifies your crawl …Sep 22, 2023 · Begin by securing the barrier along the walls of the crawl space using adhesive or fasteners. For vapor barriers, ensure that the material is stretched tightly and that overlaps are sealed using specialized tape or adhesive. If you're installing an encapsulation system, follow the manufacturer's instructions for sealing and insulating …Oct 24, 2017 ... Learn about an integrated approach to crawl space protection with the vapor barrier installation guide. StegoCrawl's complete line of ...CALL (678) 322-7910. Atlanta Crawl Space offers crawlspace repair and foundation waterproofing services, such as encapsulation, vapor barriers, inspections, insulation replacement and installation. Over 15 years of …In many homes, the wireless Internet router is placed on the main level, which results in a strong signal throughout the first and second floors. Because basements often have thick...The best way to prevent mold growth in your crawl space or basement is through relative humidity control through the use of a dehumidifier, as mold cannot grow below or at 50% relative humidity. ... the best vapor barriers to protect your home from groundwater evaporation which can create a humid environment in your crawl space. A vapor barrier ...An authorized Basement Systems or CleanSpace® Crawl Space contractor will schedule a meeting during which a design specialist will inspect and measure your basement or crawl space FREE of charge, provide a free in-depth book on basement or crawl space solutions (valued at $14.95) and present you with a free written estimate at no cost.Feb 6, 2024 · A crawl space is a small room beneath the main floor of a home but is not a full basement. These spaces typically have solid walls and offer little standing room, most measuring less than 5 feet ...44mil vapor barrier. WFP Stocks the industry’s leading vapor barrier products to Richmond and the surrounding areas. The Your Crawl space vapor barriers are 100% woven vapor barriers backed by 100% no smell guarantee and 25-year warranty. Your customers deserve a quality product that is economical and will hold up for years to come.A vapor barrier, also known as a moisture barrier, is a protective material designed to prevent moisture from seeping into the crawl space. This essential …Mar 12, 2024 · 6.2.8 Rubble and irregular basement and crawl space walls. An irregular basement is usually made of stone or rubble and is rarely waterproofed on the outside (see Figure 6-2). ... Apply a polyethylene moisture barrier to the crawl space floor and ensure the space is adequately ventilated as noted in the third bullet of Part 6.3.1, How to ...Apr 18, 2007 ... Crawl spaces can add considerable moisture to a house. It is recommended that a vapor barrier of 4 or 6 mil polyethylene be laid over the earth ...Nov 17, 2022 · The Cost of Vapor Barrier Installation. The cost of installing vapor barriers can vary depending on your crawl space’s size, the damage’s extent, and the materials used. Dry Pro experts estimate that the cost of vapor barriers can range from $6.50 to $9 per square foot, based on an average 1500 square foot home.Omni Basement Systems can provide a complete crawl space moisture barrier system with a 25-year warranty, installed in Ontario. Crawl space vapor barriers ...How a Crawl Space Moisture Barrier Works ... A vapor barrier does exactly what its name says: it provides a barrier against water vapor. When warm air comes in ...Feb 7, 2020 ... A Crawl space with a dirt floor and no vapor barrier will release endless moisture into a house. See the Ecohome Green Building Guide pages ...Jul 19, 2023 · When comparing vapor barrier materials, some key considerations include durability, thickness, puncture resistance, tear strength, fire resistance, and ease of installation. It is important to assess how each material performs in these areas and prioritize the factors that are most relevant to your crawl space requirements. Installing a vapor barrier provides the crawl space with a moisture protection layer to protect the structure from the negative effects of moisture such as mold, floor failure, increased electricity costs, odors, insects, and dust mites. Moisture effects can also cause or worsen conditions such as asthma, hay fever, and or other allergies. Dec 9, 2023 · When cold weather rolls in, take a moment to inspect the insulation in the basement crawl space of your home. In addition to helping cure cold floors, materials like plastic vapor barriers ...Jul 19, 2023 · When comparing vapor barrier materials, some key considerations include durability, thickness, puncture resistance, tear strength, fire resistance, and ease of installation. It is important to assess how each material performs in these areas and prioritize the factors that are most relevant to your crawl space requirements.Sep 5, 2022 · A basement crawl space uses footings and walls (made of cinder blocks, poured concrete, wood or steel construction) to support the weight of the house. The walls can be up to 5 feet high, but the typical crawl space is between 1 to 3 feet high. Crawl spaces are also unfinished, making it easy to access the mechanicals of your home. Crawl space encapsulation and basement waterproofing are two essential steps to improving your indoor air quality. By controlling moisture and mold in your crawl space and basement, you can reduce the bacteria, virus, dust mites and other pollutants that may be present in your home's air. With our services, we can help eliminate odors and ...Nov 17, 2022 · The Cost of Vapor Barrier Installation. The cost of installing vapor barriers can vary depending on your crawl space’s size, the damage’s extent, and the materials used. Dry Pro experts estimate that the cost of vapor barriers can range from $6.50 to $9 per square foot, based on an average 1500 square foot home. Stego Wrap 15 Mil Vapor Barrier is a great way to protect your home from moisture, mold, and mildew. It is an essential part of any home insulation system and can help reduce energ...Mar 28, 2014 · Are you ready to learn more about CrawlSeal vapor barrier? Call us! Innovative Basement Authority waterproofs basements and crawl spaces across Minnesota and North Dakota. If you’re ready to finally take care of your wet basement once and for all, give us a call at 320-515-2200 to schedule a free estimate with a basement …CALL (678) 322-7910. Atlanta Crawl Space offers crawlspace repair and foundation waterproofing services, such as encapsulation, vapor barriers, inspections, insulation replacement and installation. Over 15 years of …The ECP vapor barrier is both of those things. It is 10-mil or 16-mil thick and manufactured using a triple-ply woven high-density virgin polyethylene membrane. When this vapor barrier is installed for crawl space encapsulation in your Iowa home, it will last for years to come. Using inexpensive thin plastic sheeting that you can buy at the ...Jan 8, 2024 · A crawl space vapor barrier is a substantial plastic sheet that covers the walls and bare dirt floors in crawl spaces. This sheet is crucial in managing excessive moisture and is engineered to stop water vapor from entering the crawl space. Vapor barriers are effective against dampness, humidity, mold, wood decay, and make invasions by pests ... The iBasement Systems and Crawl Space Systems Certificates were created using specific sets of criteria to provide a healthy indoor living environment. Air pollutants and excessive moisture levels in the basement or crawl space can negatively impact the odors in the home as well as cause health problems with those who live there year-round - including yourself!In many homes, the wireless Internet router is placed on the main level, which results in a strong signal throughout the first and second floors. Because basements often have thick...Fasteners used below grade to attach plywood to the exterior side of exterior basement or crawl-space wall studs, or fasteners used in knee wall construction, shall be of Type 304 or 316 stainless steel. Fasteners used above grade to attach plywood and all lumber-to-lumber fasteners except those used in knee wall construction shall be of Type 304 or 316 …A vapor barrier is a plastic sheeting installed on the ground of your home’s crawl space. It covers the dirt floor and acts as a barrier between the ground …Aug 18, 2023 · Benefits of Crawlspace Vapor Barrier Technique: 1. Moisture Control: Crawlspace vapor barriers control moisture levels under buildings, preventing water vapor from infiltrating the crawl space. This is essential for maintaining a dry and healthy setup, reducing the risk of mold growth, and decay of wood used in construction. 2. Enhanced ...Crawl space encapsulation and basement waterproofing are two essential steps to improving your indoor air quality. By controlling moisture and mold in your crawl space and basement, you can reduce the bacteria, virus, dust mites and other pollutants that may be present in your home's air. With our services, we can help eliminate odors and ...VaporBright is used to encapsulate crawlspaces and basements. Our 20-mil crawlspace vapor barrier is a white-on-white liner reinforced with a nylon weave. All openings facing the dirt surface of your crawl space include a special filter fabric material, designed to allow water in while keeping mud and other clogging debris away. As one component of our crawl space repair system, the SmartPipe™ is a perfect match for our crawl space sump pump, drainage matting, and vapor barrier. Once installed ... ... crawl space, I'm considering putting in a vapor barrier. ... http://www.basementsystems.com [Edited by Lusker ... vapor barrier instead.. any recs on a brand of ...Jan 31, 2024 · Step 2: Measure and Cut the Vapor Barrier. Once the crawl space is properly prepared, the next step is to measure and cut the vapor barrier to fit the dimensions of the space. This phase requires precision and attention to detail to ensure the vapor barrier effectively covers the entire crawl space area. Apr 18, 2007 ... Crawl spaces can add considerable moisture to a house. It is recommended that a vapor barrier of 4 or 6 mil polyethylene be laid over the earth ...An authorized Basement Systems or CleanSpace® Crawl Space contractor will schedule a meeting during which a design specialist will inspect and measure your basement or crawl space FREE of charge, provide a free in-depth book on basement or crawl space solutions (valued at $14.95) and present you with a free written estimate at no cost.Moisture is a major problem in many homes, leading to mold, mildew, and other issues that can cause serious damage. Fortunately, there is an easy solution: Stego Wrap 15 Mil Vapor ...Learn more about crawl space vapor barriers, then call our Chapel Hill basement pros for a no-obligation estimate today! ... In fact, if your crawl space or basement is vented, a vapor barrier won't stop the warm, humid air from outdoors from entering through small cracks, crevices, or vents. Due to minimal to no air flow, the air will stagnate ...Jan 15, 2022 · We’ve researched the topic to provide the answer for you. Spray foam is highly recommended for crawl spaces, basements, and attics because of its ability to seal gaps, cracks, and holes. It provides a barrier against vapor and air that improves the efficiency and comfort level of your home. That’s not all, it also prevents rodent and pest ...Oct 19, 2023 · Crawlspace Medic offers a range of services that identify, repair, and prevent damage to the most critical part of your home–your basement or crawl space. Spend less time and money worrying about moisture, flooding, or pests in your foundation and more time enjoying a safe and secure home for years to come. 100+ Years of Combined …Oct 19, 2022 · The benefits of vapor barriers include temperature control, lowered energy costs, reduced insects and mold, and erosion protection. However, they’re hard to install, may necessitate upgrading your HVAC, can be expensive, and need regular maintenance. Nevertheless, they’re worthwhile if you live in a humid climate.Dec 9, 2023 · When cold weather rolls in, take a moment to inspect the insulation in the basement crawl space of your home. In addition to helping cure cold floors, materials like plastic vapor barriers ...A crawl space vapor barrier can provide one of the easiest solutions in preventing moisture buildup in your crawlspace. It is simple and easy to install, and it ...An encapsulated crawl space will add additional bright, clean usable storage space to your home. Added insulation can help reduce your heating and cooling costs. The wall and floor liners act as a barrier to insects, gases, odors and moisture, enhancing air quality throughout your entire living space and creating a healthier home.44mil vapor barrier. WFP Stocks the industry’s leading vapor barrier products to Richmond and the surrounding areas. The Your Crawl space vapor barriers are 100% woven vapor barriers backed by 100% no smell guarantee and 25-year warranty. Your customers deserve a quality product that is economical and will hold up for years to come.Mar 28, 2014 · Are you ready to learn more about CrawlSeal vapor barrier? Call us! Innovative Basement Authority waterproofs basements and crawl spaces across Minnesota and North Dakota. If you’re ready to finally take care of your wet basement once and for all, give us a call at 320-515-2200 to schedule a free estimate with a basement …5 days ago · Raleigh Crawl Space Encapsulation and Basement Waterproofing services. Get your damp crawl space fixed. Schedule a free, in-home estimate ... Vapor Barriers alone do not stop moisture from getting into your crawl space. HOW DO VAPOR BARRIERS WORK? BASEMENT WATERPROOFING Musty odors, mold, damage to …Carolina Basement Systems can provide a complete crawl space moisture barrier system with a 25-year warranty, installed in North Carolina. We offer free estimates for crawl space vapor barriers in NC! Schedule Annual Maintenance. Serving Greater Greensboro, Winston-Salem & High Point. 1-844-801-9531 1-844-801-9531. Menu; Services. Installing a vapor barrier provides the crawl space with a moisture protection layer to protect the structure from the negative effects of moisture such as mold, floor failure, increased electricity costs, odors, insects, and dust mites. Moisture effects can also cause or worsen conditions such as asthma, hay fever, and or other allergies. Heeping your basement and crawl space dry is important to a healthy home. Installing a vapor barrier will keep your space dry and free of mold and mildew.Oct 19, 2022 · The benefits of vapor barriers include temperature control, lowered energy costs, reduced insects and mold, and erosion protection. However, they’re hard to install, may necessitate upgrading your HVAC, can be expensive, and need regular maintenance. Nevertheless, they’re worthwhile if you live in a humid climate.Mar 28, 2014 · Are you ready to learn more about CrawlSeal vapor barrier? Call us! Innovative Basement Authority waterproofs basements and crawl spaces across Minnesota and North Dakota. If you’re ready to finally take care of your wet basement once and for all, give us a call at 320-515-2200 to schedule a free estimate with a basement …Feb 1, 2023 · It appears you only get credit for the purchase price of the materials. The good news is you may be able to get credit if the items are installed by you or a professional. The amount of the tax credit is 10% of the materials cost up to $500. You may be able to combine items like HVAC, water heaters, and insulation to get up to $3,200.00. Class II – These vapor and moisture barriers are semi-permeable, allowing some moisture to pass through (greater than 0.1 perms but less than or equal to 1.0 perms). Types: 30-pound asphalt-coated paper, …Some installers will tell you that you only need a vapor barrier in your crawl space if the “floor” of your crawl space is dirt, but the truth is that ...4 days ago · Vent covers act as an extra insulation layer, preventing air from escaping and entering the crawl space network. This can help maintain a comfortable ambient temperature in humid summers or crisp winters and reduce energy costs. In addition to regulating temperature, vent covers help control humidity and moisture.Crawl Space Floor & Wall Moisture Barriers: When, Where, How, & Why to Install Moisture Barriers, Heat & Dehumidification Equipment in the Crawl Space. Provide a moisture barrier over any dirt or gravel crawl space floors and extending up foundation walls but not up to nor in contact with wood framing or sills. Moisture barriers may be 6-mil ...Nova Basement Systems can provide a complete crawl space moisture barrier system with a 25-year warranty, installed in Indiana and Michigan.Renting a semi basement in Queens can be a great way to get more space for your family or business. With its proximity to New York City and its many attractions, Queens is an ideal...

Jul 30, 2020 · A vapor barrier, also known as a moisture barrier, is actually the bare minimum protection you should have in your crawl space. Acculevel has been repairing foundations and waterproofing crawl spaces since 1996. The fact that we’re pushing you to have a vapor barrier probably seems highly convenient, if not actually suspicious. . Keep it up kardashian

Oct 19, 2023 · Crawlspace Medic provides a range of services that can help you find, repair, and prevent damage to your crawl space or basement. Don’t let moisture, flooding, or pests ruin your foundation and cause you stress. Have a safe and secure home for years with the help of our solutions. 100+ Years of Combined Experience.Dec 26, 2019 · What is a vapor barrier, though, and when is it time for you to install one into your home? Let’s dive into vapor barrier basics so you can determine whether or not this solution is the one for you. Is Your Crawl Space Leaking? Before you start investing in waterproofing solutions, you need to be certain that your crawl space is leaking.Basement Systems USA provides drainage matting underneath our crawl space vapor barriers if you have crawlspace flooding issues. Contact us for a free estimate! 1-833-288-8031. 1-833-288-8031. Menu; ... Basement & Crawl Space Insulation. Air Purifier. Sump Pumps. Our Sump Pump Systems; Photo Gallery; Installation Steps; Repair & …A vapor barrier is usually around 4-6mm thick, which reduces moisture. However, to eliminate it altogether, you will need a thicker plastic of no less than 8mm thickness. Installing such a barrier is a process called ‘crawl space encapsulation.’. During the encapsulation process, professionals will install a heavy-duty polyethylene barrier ...Aug 3, 2022 · The crawl space must be properly vented unless the area is mechanically conditioned. The crawl space must be free of trash, debris, and vermin. The crawl space must not be excessively damp and must not have any water pooling.If moisture problems are evident, a vapor barrier and/or prevention of water infiltration must be required.”. This ...Vapor barrier installation involves the process of laying down a thin black plastic sheet (called a visqueen) across the crawl space floor. The thickness of this sheet can be anywhere from 4 to 6 mm. With this method, only the crawl space floor is sealed; therefore, this is not referred to as a sealed system.Premium vapor barrier. 15 mil thickness. Color: yellow. Dimensions: 14 ft. x 140 ft. Exceeds industry-standard ASTM E 1745 class A, class B and class C specifications. Developed for use as a durable vapor retarder. Get the right coverage - click here for Home Depot's buying guide. Return Policy.Certified, Highly Trained Professional Basement Waterproofing, Foundation Repair & Crawl Space Repair Company Serving Plattsburgh, NY. Northern Basement Systems not only adheres to the highest industry standards, but we also strive to be an industry leader in the field of home improvement and basement repair. To set ourselves apart from our …What is a Vapor Barrier? A vapor barrier (sometimes called a “moisture barrier”) is exactly what it sounds like: a tool designed to stop water from getting into an …Jan 10, 2020 · Vapor barriers, for example, are easy-to-install solutions to crawl space dampness and standing water. An essential part of the encapsulation process, vapor barriers, when coupled with perimeter drainage and a sump pump, will help redirect any leaking water. What precisely is a vapor barrier, though, and when should you think about …Crawl Space Floor & Wall Moisture Barriers: When, Where, How, & Why to Install Moisture Barriers, Heat & Dehumidification Equipment in the Crawl Space. Provide a moisture barrier over any dirt or gravel crawl space floors and extending up foundation walls but not up to nor in contact with wood framing or sills. Moisture barriers may be 6-mil ...Mar 1, 2024 · Cleaning up any water is a good first step, but encapsulating your crawl space using a high-quality vapor barrier improves energy efficiency and creates an all-around healthy living environment. AFS Foundation & Waterproofing Specialists have been developing cutting-edge crawl space encapsulation products for more than 20 years.Oct 28, 2022 · To DIY-install a vapor barrier into crawl spaces, clean the space, layer butyl tape with a plastic vapor sheet, then pull the sheet to the bottom of the space. Use more butyl tape to secure the bottom of the vapor sheet. Add vapor tape outside the plastic sheet to prevent moisture from entering. Throughout this post, we’ll explain the step-by ...A mil is equal to 0.001 inches of thickness. Codes for residential applications often cite a 6 mil (0.006-inch thick) minimum vapor barrier. However, we recommend a 10 mil or higher for crawl space applications. Perms: The perm rating represents how readily water vapor will pass through a material.Description. How Important Are Vapor Barriers? Vapor barriers are perfect for protecting your home against moisture. Vapor barriers resist diffusion of moisture, interstitial condensation, and water damage. However, when …More recent thinking from building scientists dictated that crawl spaces should be sealed, insulated, and installed with a vapor barrier; they should be treated as partially conditioned space to control moisture and decrease energy use. A debate ensued, and because some builders are slow to change, many foundation vents continue to be installed.When it comes to heating your home, there are several options available. One popular choice is a gas furnace, known for its efficiency and reliability. One of the primary benefits ...Oct 19, 2023 · Specializing in Radon Mitigation, Crawl Space & Basement Encapsulation, Waterproofing, Vapor Barriers, Insulation, Structural Repairs, Sump Pumps & More (970) 900-7015 Book Your Free InspectionClass II – These vapor and moisture barriers are semi-permeable, allowing some moisture to pass through (greater than 0.1 perms but less than or equal to 1.0 perms). Types: 30-pound asphalt-coated paper, ….

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