Pure food and drug act definition u.s. history - Pure Food and Drug Act: A legislative act passed by the US Congress in 1906, catalysed largely through the efforts of Dr HW Wiley, the chief chemist of the US Department of Agriculture. The Act addressed the use of poisonous food preservatives and dyes in foods, unsanitary conditions in meat-packing plants, and exaggerated claims of efficacy ...

 
Jun 30, 2017 · Pure Food and Drug Act Passed: On This Day, 1906. On June 30, 1906, President Theodore Roosevelt signed the Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act, marking an achievement in federal regulation of the food industry. The catalyst for these acts was Upton Sinclair’s best-selling book, published just six months prior, The Jungle. . Heartfield funeral home belton texas obituaries

After more than twenty-five years of proposals, counterproposals, bills defeated, and bills allowed to die in benevolent and not-so-benevolent desuetude, the 1906 Pure Food and Drugs Act became ... The FDA Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA ) is the most sweeping reform to the US food safety laws in more than 70 years. The legislation, signed into law by President Obama on January 4, 2011, amended the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act in three principal ways. First, it provided the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) new …A guide for researching the topic of the "Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906" in the Chronicling America digital collection of historic newspapers. This act was signed …In celebration of the completion of NLM’s digital archive of court case summaries published as the Food and Drugs Act Notices of Judgment, Dr. Junod offers a brief history of U.S. food and drug regulation and a use case for the areas of research the collection offers. The 1906 Pure Food and Drugs Act is generally viewed by historians … The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and subsequent amending statutes are codified into Title 21 Chapter 9 of the United States Code. The listing of FD&C Act sections presented here identifies ... A loophole in the Pure Food and Drug Act is discovered when the Supreme Court ruled in U.S. v. Johnson that the 1906 Food and Drugs Act does not prohibit false therapeutic claims but only false and misleading statements about the ingredients or identity of a drug. 1912. Congress enacts the Sherley Amendment to overcome the ruling in U.S. v ... The public has made no effort to find out and it is left to the men who deal in this merchandise to dump what they please into the stomachs of the blissfully ignorant public. Neither do any of us know how much disease and suffering this food causes.What was a benefit of the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906?U.S. History. Unit 11.5: Gilded Age and Progressive Era. Reform Movements: Pure Food and Drugs Act . Students will analyze artifacts from the progressive era to learn about the causes and effects of the Pure Food and Drugs Act as well as the Meat Inspection Act. ...Founded in 1862, when President Abraham Lincoln signed into law an act of Congress establishing the U.S. Department of Agriculture, USDA has a long, rich history of improving and protecting America's food supply. The timeline below details the history of FSIS and its predecessors, from 1862 to the present.Quiz yourself with questions and answers for U.S. History Progressive Test, so you can be ready for test day. ... the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act were passed in an attempt to. Primaries, the secret ballot, and the use of referendum and recall were efforts made during the Progressive Era to ... Choose matching definition ...This picture is a graphical representation of a timeline starting in 1906 when the Pure Food and Drug Act was passed. Milestones along the way to the present include the 1938 Federal Food Drug and ...The heroic story of the Czechoslovak Legions is a testament to the courage and sacrifice of these brave soldiers during World War I. Despite facing numerous challenges and hardship...The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 was the first legislation in the country that sought to regulate pharmaceuticals and food products by requiring truth-in-labeling on products, creating ...FDR signed the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act on 25 June 1938. The new law brought cosmetics and medical devices under control, and it required that drugs be labeled with adequate directions for ...... Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 to modern food examples. ... food described violates its definitions ... "History of Food and Drug Regulation in the United States |.The United States Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (abbreviated as FFDCA, FDCA, or FD&C) is a set of laws passed by the United States Congress in 1938 giving authority to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to oversee the safety of food, drugs, medical devices, and cosmetics. The FDA's principal representative with members of ...Jan 19, 2016 · Cartoon depicting President Theodore Roosevelt’s passage of the Meat Inspection Act. 5. The book turned Sinclair into a celebrity. As a teenager, Sinclair wrote jokes, short stories and puzzles ... Pure Food and Drug Act. Source: The Oxford Companion to United States History Author(s): John D. BuenkerJohn D. Buenker. Signed into law on 30 June 1906 by President Theodore Roosevelt, the Food and Drugs Act—popularly know as the Pure Food and Drug Act—with its companion piece the Meat Inspection Amendment, originated the regulatory apparatus that became the Food and Drug Administration. The shortage is preventing cancer patients from getting the treatment they need The US is in a drug shortage emergency. According to the latest Food and Drug Administration (FDA) u...The Pure Food and Drug Act added regulatory functions ... revision of U.S. food ... 1996). 30 Food and Drug Branch, California Department of Public Health, History ...The passage of the 1906 Pure Food and Drugs Act marked a monumental shift in the use of government powers to enhance consumer protection by requiring that foods and drugs bear truthful...""Nelson, Representation of the Consumer Interest in the Federal Government, infra, at p. 152. ' The Drug Institute of America was represented by counsel at two ...Pure Food and Drug Act: A legislative act passed by the US Congress in 1906, catalysed largely through the efforts of Dr HW Wiley, the chief chemist of the US Department of Agriculture. The Act addressed the use of poisonous food preservatives and dyes in foods, unsanitary conditions in meat-packing plants, and exaggerated claims of efficacy ...26. Omitted. SUBCHAPTER I—FEDERAL FOOD AND. DRUGS ACT ... 769, defined ''drug'' and ''food''. See section ... pure and unadulterated milk or cream, ...There is extensive background material on the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act in Mark Sullivan, Our Times, The United States, 1900–1925 (New York, 1927), II, 471–551; and James Harvey Young, The Toadstool Millionaires (Princeton, 1961), 226–246. On the role of Wiley in the early enforcement of the Pure Food and Drug Act, see O. E ...The rising costs of medication in the United States affect people of all backgrounds. No matter where you live or how old you are, having to choose between purchasing food or acces...The Hepburn Act of 1906 conveyed those powers and created the federal government’s first true regulatory agency. Also in 1906, Roosevelt pressed Congress to pass the Pure Food and Drug and Meat Inspection acts, which created agencies to assure protection to consumers. The “muckrakers,” investigative journalists….The Square Deal: Theodore Roosevelt and the Themes of Progressive Reform | Progressivism arrived at a moment of crisis for the United States. | Progressivism arrived at a moment of crisis for the United States. As the nineteenth century came to a close, just decades after the Civil War, many feared the nation faced another explosive and violent …Quiz yourself with questions and answers for U.S. History Progressive Test, so you can be ready for test day. ... the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act were passed in an attempt to. Primaries, the secret ballot, and the use of referendum and recall were efforts made during the Progressive Era to ... Choose matching definition ...United States v. Johnson (1911) The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 was the first of a series of significant consumer protection laws which was enacted by Congress in the 20th century and led to the creation of the Food and Drug Administration. Its main purpose was to ban foreign and interstate traffic in adulterated or mislabeled food and drug ...The attempt to secure a broad national law to protect citizens of the United States from the expanding threat of adulterated food, drink, and drugs began in 1879 and continued through a quarter century, by turns waxing and waning in intensity, before reaching fruition in 1906. During this extended campaign, two kinds of voices urged the ...Which groups were most influential in passing the pure food and drug act during the progressive era, one goal of state level political reformers was to in response to public concern over issues raised by Upton Sinclair's The …The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and subsequent amending statutes are codified into Title 21 Chapter 9 of the United States Code. The listing of FD&C Act sections presented here identifies ...Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906: Topics in Chronicling America. A guide for researching the topic of the "Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906" in the Chronicling America digital collection of historic newspapers. This act was signed into law in 1906 by President Theodore Roosevelt. Pure Food and Drug Act. Source: The Oxford Companion to United States History Author(s): John D. BuenkerJohn D. Buenker. Signed into law on 30 June 1906 by President Theodore Roosevelt, the Food and Drugs Act—popularly know as the Pure Food and Drug Act—with its companion piece the Meat Inspection Amendment, originated the regulatory apparatus that became the Food and Drug Administration. Definition. 1 / 20. Period of reform from 1890s-1920s. Opposed waste and corruption while focusing on the general rights of the individual. ... Sherman Anti-trust Act, President Theodore Roosevelt, Upton Sinclair's "The Jungle", Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act of 1906. Click the card to flip 👆 ... U.S. History 1st Edition ... Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906. United States Statutes at Large (59th Cong., Sess. I, Chp. 3915, p. 768-772) For preventing the manufacture, sale, or transportation of adulterated or misbranded or poisonous or deleterious foods, drugs, medicines, and liquors, and for regulating traffic therein, and for other purposes. Price: $0.99. Grove City College history professor Andrew Mitchell discussed Upton Sinclair's 1904 book, The Jungle and its impact on the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906.Cartoon depicting President Theodore Roosevelt’s passage of the Meat Inspection Act. 5. The book turned Sinclair into a celebrity. As a teenager, Sinclair wrote jokes, short stories and puzzles ...The public has made no effort to find out and it is left to the men who deal in this merchandise to dump what they please into the stomachs of the blissfully ignorant public. Neither do any of us know how much disease and suffering this food causes.What was a benefit of the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906?Pure Food and Drug Act (1906). United States Statutes at Large (59th Cong., Sess. I, Chp. 3915, p. 768-772; cited as 34 Stat. 768 ) CHAP. 3915-. An Act for preventing the manufacture, sale, or transportation of adulterated or misbranded or poisonous or deleterious foods, drugs, medicines, and liquors, and for regulating traffic therein, and for ...Reform Movements: Pure Food and Drugs Act Students will analyze artifacts from the progressive era to learn about the causes and effects of the Pure Food and Drugs Act as well as the Meat Inspection Act.Pure Food and Drug Act, in U.S. history, legislation passed in 1906 to ensure the sanitary preparation of consumable goods. The Pure Food and Drug Act required accurate ingredient labeling and prohibited the sale of adulterated and misbranded food and drugs in interstate commerce.This agency was eventually renamed in 1930. That new name was the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), a name those of us in clinical research all know and …The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 marked the beginning of effective U.S. federal regulation of food and drug We use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. By continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our use of cookies.Overview. Muckrakers were journalists and novelists of the Progressive Era who sought to expose corruption in big business and government. The work of muckrakers influenced the passage of key legislation that strengthened protections for workers and consumers. Some of the most famous muckrakers were women, including Ida Tarbell and Ida B. Wells.The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 was the first of a series of significant consumer protection laws enacted by the Federal Government in the 20th century and led to the creation of the Food and Drug Administration.Its main purpose was to ban foreign and interstate traffic in adulterated or mislabeled food and drug products, and it directed the …The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 was the first of more than 200 laws that constitute one of the world's most comprehensive and effective networks of public health and consumer protections.Pure Food and Drug Act: A Muckraking Triumph. The first Pure Food and Drug Act was passed in 1906. The purpose was to protect the public against adulteration of food …... Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 to modern food examples. ... food described violates its definitions ... "History of Food and Drug Regulation in the United States |.The Food and Drugs Act ( French: Loi sur les aliments et drogues) is an act of the Parliament of Canada regarding the production, import, export, transport across provinces and sale of food, drugs, contraceptive devices and cosmetics (including personal cleaning products such as soap and toothpaste ). It was first passed in 1920 and most ...The Pure Food and Drug Act, signed into law by President Theodore Roosevelt on June 30, 1906, aimed to address the widespread issues of … The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 marked the beginning of effective U.S. federal regulation of food and drug labeling and assurance of a safe food supply. It prohibited ... Index. Download. XML. "Pure food" became the rallying cry among a divergent group of campaigners who lobbied Congress for a law regulating foods and drugs. James Harvey You...Muckrakers [ushistory.org] 42b. Muckrakers. Upton Sinclair published The Jungle in 1905 to expose labor abuses in the meat packing industry. But it was food, not labor, that most concerned the public. Sinclair's horrific descriptions of the industry led to the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act, not to labor ... The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 marked the beginning of effective U.S. federal regulation of food and drug labeling and assurance of a safe food supply. It prohibited ... (2) "Animal feed," as used in Subdivision (23), in Section 512 of the federal Act, and in provisions of this chapter referring to those paragraphs or sections, ...As a companion measure to the Pure Food and Drug Act, the Meat Inspection Act brought the following reforms to the processing of cattle, sheep, horses, swine and goats destined for human consumption: All animals were required to pass an inspection by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration prior to slaughter. All carcasses were subject to a …Pure Food and Drug Act Passed: On This Day, 1906. On June 30, 1906, President Theodore Roosevelt signed the Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act, marking an achievement in federal regulation of the food industry. The catalyst for these acts was Upton Sinclair’s best-selling book, published just six months prior, The …The Meat Inspection Act was assigned to the Food Safety and Inspection Service within the USDA. The Pure Food and Drug Act was also given oversight within the USDA by the Bureau of Chemistry. This agency was eventually renamed in 1930. That new name was the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), a name those of us in clinical research all know and ...Pure Food and Drug Act definition: a law passed in 1906 to remove harmful and misrepresented foods and drugs from the market and regulate the manufacture and sale of drugs and food involved in interstate trade..VOL. 363 NO. 23. More than a century ago, Congress passed the 1906 Pure Food and Drugs Act, which transformed a small scientific bureau in the basement of the Department of Agriculture building ...Jun 30, 2017 · Pure Food and Drug Act Passed: On This Day, 1906. On June 30, 1906, President Theodore Roosevelt signed the Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act, marking an achievement in federal regulation of the food industry. The catalyst for these acts was Upton Sinclair’s best-selling book, published just six months prior, The Jungle. Reform Movements: Pure Food and Drugs Act. Students will analyze artifacts from the progressive era to learn about the causes and effects of the Pure Food and Drugs Act as well as the Meat Inspection Act. Preview Resource Add a Copy of Resource to my Google Drive.The Federal Meat Inspection Act (1906): Definition. The Federal Meat Inspection Act was legislation passed by Congress in 1906, which gave the U.S. Department of Agriculture the authority to ...PURE FOOD AND DRUG ACT. June 30, 1906, was a red-letter day for those who sought progressive reform and consumer protection in the United States. On that date the U.S. government passed the Pure Food and Drug Act, the first in a series of legislation designed to regulate the quality of food and pharmaceutical products.Signed into law on 30 June 1906 by President Theodore Roosevelt, the Food and Drugs Act—popularly known as the Pure We use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. By continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our use of cookies.Jul 27, 2023 · The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 emerged in this context, a legislative response to the increasingly alarming practices in the food industry. Targeting not just borax but a myriad of questionable additives, the Act sought to redefine industry standards, ensuring that what landed on the American dinner table was both wholesome and genuine. Jul 1, 2014 · The Pure Food and Drug Act was the first federal law to regulate foods and drugs and a direct result of the scandals of the unsanitary methods used by the food industry that were revealed in 'The Jungle' written by the Progressive author Upton Sinclair. In U.S. v. Johnson, the Supreme Court ruled against the government, finding that the product's false claims for effectiveness were not within the scope of the Pure Food and Drugs Act. Pure Food and Drug Act. Source: The Oxford Companion to United States History Author(s): John D. BuenkerJohn D. Buenker. Signed into law on 30 June 1906 by President Theodore Roosevelt, the Food and Drugs Act—popularly know as the Pure Food and Drug Act—with its companion piece the Meat Inspection Amendment, originated the regulatory apparatus that became the Food and Drug Administration.This standard was also used for imported meats. The second was the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906, which required labels on all food and drug products that clearly stated the materials in the product. The law also prohibited any “adulterated” products, a measure aimed at some specific, unhealthy food preservatives.The 1906 Pure Food and Drugs Act and the 1906 Meat Inspection Act. The first general pure food and drug law at the federal level was not enacted until 1906 with the passage of the Pure Food and Drugs Act. While interest in federal regulation arose contemporaneously with interest in state regulation, conflict among competing interest groups ...Michigan is known for its breathtaking natural beauty and diverse landscapes. From stunning coastlines to vibrant cities, the state offers an array of cool places to visit. Whether...This video provides a brief introduction to the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906. It was created in support of Weill Cornell Medicine/New York-Presbyterian Hos...After 31 seasons, it’s no surprise that Fox’s long-running cartoon The Simpsons has made plenty of history over the years. Throughout that time, Mr. Burns — easily the series’ most...According to Psychology Today, the only distinction between Ativan and Valium is that Valium is longer acting than Ativan. Ativan is a brand name of lorazepam, while Valium is a br...Jul 31, 2023 · The 1938 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA) is a set of United States (US) laws that authorize the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to oversee and regulate the production, sale, and distribution of food, drugs, medical devices, and cosmetics. The FDCA intends to protect the general public from adulterated and misbranded products manufactured and sold in the US. Its introduction was ... 3 The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906, also referred to as the Federal Food and Drug Act (the F&DA) or the Wiley Act, P.L. 59-384. FFDCA §501 describes when a drug “shall be deemed to be adulterated.” The conditions include being “filthy, putrid, or decomposed”; unsanitary conditions of facility that could allow injurious …Definition of the Pure Food and Drug Act in Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Meaning, pronunciation, picture, example sentences, grammar, usage notes, synonyms and more.Muckrakers [ushistory.org] 42b. Muckrakers. Upton Sinclair published The Jungle in 1905 to expose labor abuses in the meat packing industry. But it was food, not labor, that most concerned the public. Sinclair's horrific descriptions of the industry led to the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act, not to labor ...Pure Food and Drug Act definition: a law passed in 1906 to remove harmful and misrepresented foods and drugs from the market and regulate the manufacture and …Paotsin, also known as “siomai,” is a popular Filipino snack that has gained international recognition for its unique flavors and delicious taste. This delectable steamed dumpling ...TRATTNER / The Federal Food and Drugs Act 391 and very persuasive. Among many other things, it discusses pioneering laws to control imported drugs and the manufacture and sale of "artificial" food products, such as glucose and oleomargarine; analyzes the long and tangled pure food movement in the context of changing technology and medical the- In 1906, Sinclair acquired particular fame for his classic muck-raking novel The Jungle, which exposed labor and sanitary conditions in the U.S. meatpacking industry, causing a public uproar that contributed in part to the passage a few months later of the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act. Jul 1, 2014 · Summary and Definition: The Federal Meat Inspection Act (FMIA) authorized the Secretary of Agriculture to inspect, and condemn, any meat product found unfit for human consumption and was designed to work in combination with the Pure Food and Drug Act. The 1906 Meat Inspection Act meant that the preparation of meat shipped over state lines would ... Humalog is a rapid-acting insulin treatment for diabetes, while Humulin is short-acting, according to Drugs.com. Humalog has an on-set time of 15 minutes, a peak effectiveness at 1...Pure Food and Drug Act. 1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA. Pure food and drug act. Jane Addams.AP®UNITED STATES HISTORY 2007 SCORING GUIDELINES. Question 4 Fact Sheet. Theodore Roosevelt’s general approach to the presidency was characterized by his broad view of executive power under the Constitution. He sought to avoid the extremes both of socialism and pure laissez-faire individualism, but he became more committed to Progressive ...The Pure Food and Drug Act, signed into law by President Theodore Roosevelt on June 30, 1906, aimed to address the widespread issues of adulteration, misbranding, and unsafe practices in the food and drug industries. The act sought to protect consumers by ensuring the purity, safety, and accurate labeling of food and …an independent agency of the government of the United States created to influence U.S. public opinion regarding American participation in World War I. created the influence of sea power on history and wrote the saying "Strong country had strong navy" 1 of 50. Term. ... Pure Food and Drug Act. Choose matching definition.

Index. Download. XML. "Pure food" became the rallying cry among a divergent group of campaigners who lobbied Congress for a law regulating foods and drugs. James Harvey You.... Dina meyer husband

pure food and drug act definition u.s. history

Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906. United States Statutes at Large (59th Cong., Sess. I, Chp. 3915, p. 768-772) AN ACT. For preventing the manufacture, sale, or transportation … The Meat Inspection Act enforced much-needed regulations in an industry that was revealed to be have widespread sanitation and health issues. Many laws passed since that time have further regulated the meat industry to help assure consumer health and protection. Meat Inspection Act/Pure Food and Drug ActIn 1906, Upton Sinclair (1878–1968 ... The act prohibited the misbranding and adulteration of food and drugs and required accurate labeling of ingredients and established standards for purity and quality. Then, the act led to the creation of the FDA , which was initially responsible for enforcing the provisions of the law and ensuring compliance by food and drug manufacturers.The story of how two progressives, Theodore Roosevelt and Harvey W. Wiley, worked together within the federal government is not as well-known as the role played by Sinclair’s The Jungle, but it provides the needed historical and political context for the passage of both the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act in June 1906 which ...The Roosevelt and Wiley story is important because it shows the role individuals can have on the course of history. Congressional passage of the Food and Drug Act, as well as the Meat Inspection Act, reflected sweeping changes underway in the shape and direction of the federal government. By advocating food and drug regulation as a federal …The first food standards to be issued under the 1938 act were for canned tomato products; by the 1960s about half of the food supply was subject to a standard. As food technology changed and the ...The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 emerged in this context, a legislative response to the increasingly alarming practices in the food industry. Targeting not just borax but a myriad of questionable additives, the Act sought to redefine industry standards, ensuring that what landed on the American dinner table was both wholesome and genuine.This agency was eventually renamed in 1930. That new name was the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), a name those of us in clinical research all know and …Hennessy has simple and easy to follow cocktail recipes that use pure white Hennessy. Some examples are A Long Night in Madrid, Blueberry Maple Sour and Brazil Heavy Spice. To make...The attempt to secure a broad national law to protect citizens of the United States from the expanding threat of adulterated food, drink, and drugs began in 1879 and continued through a quarter century, by turns waxing and waning in intensity, before reaching fruition in 1906. During this extended campaign, two kinds of voices urged the ... began the process by ensuring the passage of the Meat Inspection Act of 1906, which was followed by the Pure Food and Drug Act, passed in 1906. was entrusted with the responsibility of testing all foods and drugs destined for human consumption. The experience of American soldiers during the Spanish-American War added impetus to the movement. The first food standards to be issued under the 1938 act were for canned tomato products; by the 1960s about half of the food supply was subject to a standard. As food technology changed and the ... Pure Food and Drug Act. passed in response to Upton Sinclair's work The Jungle;this legislation was intended to protect consumers from harmful, adulterated, misbranded, or poisonous foods, drugs, medicines and liquors; the manufacture, sale or transportation of such items was regulated. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing ... One of the oldest U.S. consumer protection agencies, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) protects the public from unsafe foods, drugs, medical devices, cosmetics, and other potential hazards. As part of the department of health and human services, the FDA annually regulates over $1 trillion worth of products, which account for …The History of Drug Regulation. Federal regulation of drugs emerged as early as 1848, under a law that addressed only imported drugs. In 1905 the American Medical Association launched a private ....

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